Indice de masa corporal como factor de riesgo que afecta a la osteoartritis de rodilla de los ancianos / Body Mass Index as the Risk Factor Affecting Knee Osteoarthritis of the Elderly

Introducción: La osteoartritis es una enfermedad que progresa con el tiempo y culmina en la destrucción de articulaciones y ligaduras. La Investigación Básica de Salud (RISKESDAS) 2013 muestra que East Nusa Tenggara tiene la prevalencia más alta de la enfermedad reumática en Indonesia, alrededor del 33,1%. Método: Esta investigación es un estudio observacional-analítico con un diseño transversal. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo determinar los factores que afectan la osteoartritis de los ancianos en el Centro de Salud Comunitario de Sikumana, distrito de Maulafa, ciudad de Kupang durante el período de diciembre de 2018 a febrero de 2019. Resultado: En esta investigación, índice de masa corporal / IMC (PR = 1,21, p = 0,037) tiene una correlación significativa con la osteoartritis de los ancianos, sin embargo, el género (RP = 1,02, p = 0,839) y los antecedentes de trauma de rodilla (RP = 1,08, p = 0,453) no tienen una correlación significativa con la osteoartritis de los ancianos. Conclusión: un cuerpo con sobrepeso aumenta la presión mecánica de la articulación de la rodilla, lo que provoca la osteoartritis. En esta investigación, las mujeres tienen un mayor riesgo de sufrir osteoartritis en comparación con los hombres. Cuanto mayor sea el IMC, la prevalencia de la osteoartritis aumenta significativamente. Alrededor del 41% de los ancianos con osteoartritis tienen obesidad. Entre otros riesgos, la obesidad muestra una correlación con la prevalencia de osteoartritis. Se debe aumentar la conciencia de los pacientes sobre el índice de masa corporal (IMC) para reducir la prevalencia de la osteoartritis.

Introduction: Osteoarthritis is a disease that progresses over time and culminates in the destruction of articular and joints. Basic Health Research (RISKESDAS) 2013 shows that East Nusa Tenggara have the highest prevalence of the rheumatic disease in Indonesia, about 33,1 %. Method: This research is an observational-analytic study with a cross-sectional design. This research aims to determine the factors affecting Osteoarthritis of the Elderly at Sikumana Community Health Center, Maulafa District, Kupang City during the period of December 2018 to February 2019. Result: In this research, body mass index/BMI (PR=1,21, p=0,037) has a significant correlation to osteoarthritis of the elderly, yet gender (PR=1,02, p=0,839) and history of knee trauma (PR=1,08, p=0,453) have no significant correlation to osteoarthritis of the elderly. Conclusion: An overweight body increases the mechanical pressure of the knee joint, which causes osteoarthritis. In this research, women have a higher risk of osteoarthritis compared to men. The higher the BMI, the prevalence of osteoarthritis increases significantly. Around 41 % of the Elderly with Osteoarthritis have obesity. Amongst any other risks, obesity shows a correlation with the prevalence of Osteoarthritis. Patients' awareness of the body mass index (BMI) should be increased to reduce the prevalence of osteoarthritis.

Prevalence and risk factors of osteoarthritis in patients with type 2 diabetes in Beijing, China from 2015 to 2017 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To explore the prevalence and related factors of osteoarthritis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and provided a scientific basis for the prevention of the comorbidity.@*METHODS@#The data were obtained from the database of all designated medical institutions in Beijing from 2015 to 2017. Data of the adult patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus were collected for descriptive analysis, and a Logistic regression model was used to explore the related factors of osteoarthritis in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.@*RESULTS@#A total of 1 046 264 diagnosed type 2 diabetes mellitus adult patients were included in our study, with an average age of 63.07 years, and 50.78% were males. Among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, there were 341 561 cases with osteoarthritis, and the prevalence of osteoarthritis was 32.65%. The prevalence of females (38.05%) was higher than that of males (27.41%), and the difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). Osteoarthritis occurred in all age groups among the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with the highest prevalence of osteoarthritis in the age group of 65-69 years (36.76%), and the lowest prevalence in the age group ≤44 years (14.3%). Before the age of 70, the prevalence increased with age. Further analysis of related factors for osteoarthritis in the patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus showed that female (OR=1.62, 95%CI: 1.61-1.63), age (OR=1.01, 95%CI: 1.01-1.01), had other comorbidities (OR=1.19, 95%CI: 1.18-1.21), used hypoglycemic drugs (OR=0.79, 95%CI: 0.78-0.80), having the cardiovascular disease (OR=1.13, 95%CI: 1.11-1.15), having cerebrovascular disease (OR=1.25, 95%CI: 1.23-1.28), and having nephropathy (OR=1.61, 95%CI: 1.51-1.71) were associated with the osteoarthritis in the type 2 diabetic mellitus patients.@*CONCLUSION@#Our study revealed that the prevalence of osteoarthritis in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is high in Beijing area. Health education and disease monitoring should be strengthened in middle-aged and elderly patients. Screening for comorbidities should be carried out as soon as possible, with the focus on menopausal women.

Chronic osteo-articular changes in patients with sickle cell disease

Abstract Background: Sickle cell disease (SCD) is an autosomal recessive genetic disease in which a mutation occurs in the β-globin chain gene, resulting in abnormal hemoglobin levels. In an environment with reduced oxygen concentration, red blood cells change their conformation, resulting in chronic hemolysis and consequent anemia and vaso-occlusive crises with injuries to several organs, with a significant impairment of the osteoarticular system. This study aimed to verify the chronic osteoarticular alterations and their association with clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients with SCD with a more severe phenotype (SS and Sβ0), on a steady-state fasis. Methods: Fifty-five patients were referred to a medical consultation with a specialized assessment of the locomotor system, followed by laboratory tests and radiographic examinations. Results: In total, 74.5% patients had hemoglobinopathy SS; 67.3% were female; and 78.2% were non-whites. The mean patient age was 30.5 years. Most patients (61.8%) reported up to three crises per year, with a predominance of high-intensity pain (65.5%). Radiographic alterations were present in 80% patients. A total of 140 lesions were identified, most which were located in the spine, femur, and shoulders. Most lesions were osteonecrosis and osteoarthritis and were statistically associated with the non-use of hydroxyurea. Conclusions: There was a high prevalence of chronic osteoarticular alterations, which was statistically associated only with the non-regular use of hydroxyurea.(AU)

Ground reaction force patterns during gait in patients with lower limb lymphedema / Forças de reação ao solo durante a marcha de pacientes com linfedema de membro inferior

Although gait problems have been reported in patients with lower limb lymphedema (LLL), the gait pattern (GP) changes have not been documented yet. However, it is possible that patients with LLL show abnormal GP that can be related to biomechanical complications related to osteoarthritis or falls affecting the quality of life. Ground reaction force analysis during gait allows objective assessment of the patients and it can be used to plan a rehabilitation approach. Objective: To analyze the GRF during gait in patients LLL. Methods: An experimental descriptive study was realized with twenty-three LLL patients, both unilateral and bilateral and classified as moderate and severe, participated in the experiments. The patients walked on a force plate while the three ground reaction force (GRF) components, vertical, mediolateral (M-L) and anteroposterior (A-P), under their feet were recorded and analyzed. Results: In the patients with unilateral lymphedema, either moderate or severe, the vertical GRF components of the affected limb were similar to the sound one and also resembling those found in healthy adults. The M-L GRF was smaller in the non-affected side. In patients with bilateral lymphedema gait speed was significantly slower. More interestingly, the vertical GRF pattern was flat, not showing the typical 2-peak shape. Finally, the large M-L forces found suggest gait stability problems. Conclusions: The patients showed abnormal GRF patterns, including compensation with the non-affected leg. The GRF variability was higher in the patients with severe unilateral lymphedema. Bilateral lymphedema results in lower A-P forces. Stance phase duration was longer in patients with bilateral and severe lymphedema

Comparison between two different experimental models of osteoarthritis in rabbits. Intra-articular collagenase injection and anterior cruciate ligament transection

ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To compare two different experimental models of osteoarthritis in rabbits: intra-articular collagenase injection and anterior cruciate ligament transection. METHODS: Ten adult rabbits were randomly divided in two groups: COLL (collagenase group) and ACLT (anterior cruciate ligament transection). The COLL group was treated with 0.5 ml collagenase solution (2mg collagenase/0.5 ml sterile PBS), and the ACTL group was subjected to anterior cruciate ligament. After six and twelve weeks, respectively, the animals in the COLL and ACTL groups were euthanized. The gross appearance and histological examinations conducted in the cartilage articular surface was blindly scored according to the criteria developed by Yoshimi et al. (1994) and Mankin et al. (1971), respectively. RESULTS: The gross morphologic observation, macroscopic score and histological examinations have demonstrated that the ACTL group presented the highest scores, and lesions more severe than those in the COLL group. CONCLUSIONS: Both methods, anterior cruciate ligament transection and collagenase, applied to the stifle joint of the rabbits have effectively induced degenerative changes in the cartilage tissue, through statistically significant analysis (p≤0.05). The ACTL method has presented more severe lesions.

Risk Factors for Osteoarthritis and Contributing Factors to Current Arthritic Pain in South Korean Older Adults

PURPOSE: Although previous studies have focused on risk factors for osteoarthritis, there is some debate on this issue. Furthermore, associated factors with arthritic symptom (arthralgia) have not been sufficiently investigated, despite its clinical importance in the management of osteoarthritis. This study was performed to examine the risk factors for osteoarthritis and the contributing factors to current arthritic pain in older adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The Fourth Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys was conducted in 2009. Therein, 720 males and 1008 females aged 65 years and older were included. Comprehensive data on habitual, socioeconomic, medical, nutritional, and psychological factors were collected along with the presence of osteoarthritis and arthritic pain. After univariate analysis, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors for osteoarthritis and contributing factors to current arthritic pain. RESULTS: Age (p=0.005), female gender (p<0.001), higher body mass index (BMI) (p<0.001), and osteoporosis (p<0.001) were significant risk factors for osteoarthritis, while higher education level (p=0.025) was a protective factor for osteoarthritis. Higher BMI (p=0.047), lack of weekly moderate intensity activity (p<0.001), and unfavorable subjective health status (p<0.001) were significant factors contributing to current arthritic pain among subjects with osteoarthritis. Both osteoarthritis and current arthritic pain adversely affected health related quality of life. CONCLUSION: Higher BMI, lack of weekly moderate intensity activity, and unfavorable subjective health status were significant factors contributing to current arthritic pain. More attention needs to be paid to psychiatric effects on osteoarthritis and joint related pain.

Obesidade versus osteoartrite: muito além da sobrecarga mecânica / Obesity versus osteoarthritis: beyond the mechanical overload

Atualmente, a obesidade é considerada o maior problema de saúde pública do mundo, já atingindo características epidêmicas, segundo a Organização Mundial da Saúde. O acúmulo excessivo de peso é o maior fator de risco, associado a diversas doenças, como diabetes mellitus tipo 2, hipertensão, dislipidemias e doenças osteometabólicas, como osteoporose e osteoartrite. A osteoartrite é a doença reumática mais prevalente, e a principal causa de incapacidade física e diminuição da qualidade de vida da população acima de 65 anos. Acomete principalmente as articulações que suportam peso, como joelhos e quadris. No entanto, juntamente com os casos de obesidade, sua prevalência vem aumentando e em outras articulações, como as das mãos. Assim, supõe-se que a influência da obesidade no desenvolvimento da osteoartrite esteja além da sobrecarga mecânica. O objetivo desta revisão foi correlacionar os possíveis mecanismos que determinam a gênese e o desenvolvimento dessas duas doenças. O aumento da massa adiposa é diretamente proporcional ao consumo exagerado de ácidos graxos saturados, responsáveis pela condição sistêmica de inflamação de baixo grau e resistência à insulina e à leptina. Em níveis elevados, a leptina assume características inflamatórias e age na cartilagem articular, desencadeando o processo inflamatório e alterando a homeostase desse tecido com consequente degeneração. Conclui-se que a obesidade é um fator de risco para a osteoartrite e que a prática de atividade física e modificações na composição da dieta podem reverter o quadro inflamatório e a resistência à leptina, atenuando a progressão ou prevenindo o surgimento da osteoartrite.

Obesity is currently considered a major public health problem in the world, already reaching epidemic characteristics, according to the World Health Organization. Excess weight is the major risk factor associated with various diseases, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, dyslipidemia and osteometabolic diseases, including osteoporosis and osteoarthritis. Osteoarthritis is the most prevalent rheumatic disease and the leading cause of physical disability and reduced quality of life of the population over 65 years. It mainly involves the joints that bear weight - knees and hips. However, along with the cases of obesity, its prevalence is increasing, and even in other joints, such as hands. Thus, it is assumed that the influence of obesity on the development of OA is beyond mechanical overload. The purpose of this review was to correlate the possible mechanisms underlying the genesis and development of these two diseases. Increased fat mass is directly proportional to excessive consumption of saturated fatty acids, responsible for systemic low-grade inflammation condition and insulin and leptin resistance. At high levels, leptin assumes inflammatory characteristics and acts in the articular cartilage, triggering the inflammatory process and changing homeostasis this tissue with consequent degeneration. We conclude that obesity is a risk factor for osteoarthritis and that physical activity and changes in diet composition can reverse the inflammatory and leptin resistance, reducing progression or preventing the onset of osteoarthritis.

Ectima gangrenoso y osteoartritis por pseudomonas aeruginosa en un paciente previamente sano / Ecthyma gangrenosum and osteoarthritis by pseudomonas aeruginosa in a previously healthy patient

Las infecciones por pseudomonas aeruginosa se presentan habitualmente en individuos con factores predisponentes, siendo excepcional su ocurrencia en los previamente sanos. Se describe el caso de un lactante de 2 meses sin antecedentes patológicos a destacar que presentó una infección grave por pseudomonas aeruginosa, presentando al momentode la consulta en emergencia lesiones en piel características de ectima gangrenoso. El reconocimiento de estas lesiones permite adecuar el tratamiento antibiótico empírico a la susceptibilidad antimicrobiana de este germen. La presencia de una infección por esta bacteria obliga al clínico a la búsqueda de inmunodeficiencias no diagnosticadas previamente...

Características de las infecciones osteoarticulares por Staphylococcus aureus en niños hospitalizados. Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell, 2009-2012 / Features osteoarticular infections by Staphylococcus aureus in hospitalized children. Pediatric Wing at the Pereira Rossell Hospital 2009-2012

Introducción :las infecciones osteoarticulares (IO) presentan elevada morbilidad. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) es la etiología más frecuente. La emergencia de cepas meticilino resistente de origen comunitario (SAMR-AC) representa un problema. En 2008 se comunica la primera serie nacional sobre etiología de las IO en niños. Objetivo: describir formas de presentación, tratamiento y evolución de IO por SA en niños hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell (HP-CHPR) entre 2009 y 2012. Material y métodos: se identificaron muestras bacteriológicas con sospecha de IO en el Laboratoriode Bacteriología del HP-CHPR. Se incluyeron punciones óseas y articulares. Se analizaron características epidemiológicas, exámenes complementarios, tratamientos y evolución. Resultados: 283 muestras bacteriológicas. En 92 (32,5%) se identificó germen, 53 (63%) SA. Se analizaron 45: 38 S. aureus meticilino sensible (SAMS)y 7 SAMR-AC. Edad media 7,7 años. 34 (75,5 %) en miembros inferiores. 12 (27%) leucocitosis >15. 000 elementos/mm3, 30(67%) proteína C reactiva(PCR)>20mg/dL. Tratamiento empírico inicial 27 niños clindamicina + gentamicina. Las infecciones por SAMR-AC fueron más graves: focos múltiples (n=1),trombosis venosa profunda (n=2), shock sépticos (n=2), drenaje quirúrgico (3,7/niño). Estadía hospitalaria mayor (media 19,5 versus 15,2 días),requirieron más cuidado intensivo (5,2 versus 0,13 días) y uno falleció. Discusión: el porcentaje de aislamientos fue similar al comunicado en la literatura. A pesar de que SA sigue siendo el más frecuente, en nuestra serie SAMR-AC ha disminuido pero continua siendo virulento. Se debe tener alta sospecha para diagnóstico temprano y tratamiento oportuno.

Introduction: osteoarticular infections (OAIs) have ahigh morbidity. Staphylococcus aureus (SA) is themost frequent etiology. The emergence ofcommunity-associated methicillin-resistant (CA-MRSA)strains represents a problem. In 2008, the first nationalseries on the etiology of OAIs in children iscommunicated.Objective: describe the clinical presentations,treatment and evolution of the OAIs for SA in childrenhospitalized in the Hospital Pediátrico [PediatricHospital] of the Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell[Pereira Rossell Hospital Center] (HP-CHPR) between2009 and 2012.Materials and methods: bacteriological samples withsuspect OAI were identified at the bacteriologyLaboratory of the HP-CHPR. Lumbar and intra-articularpunctures were included. Epidemiologicalcharacteristics, complementary tests, treatments andevolution were analyzed.Results: 283 bacteriological samples. In 92 (32,5%)the germ was identified, 53 (63%) SA. 45 wereanalyzed: 38 methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA),and 7 CA-MRSA. Average age: 7.7 years. 34 (75.5%) inlower limbs. 12 (27%) leukocytosis>15.000 cell/mm3,30 (67%) CRP >20 mg/dL. Initial empiric therapy 27children clindamycin + gentamicin. The CA-MRSAinfections were more serious: multiple foci (n=1),deep venous thrombosis (n=2), septic shocks (n=2),surgical drainage (3,7/child)...

Empleo de la medicina nuclear y las técnicas de imágenes en las afecciones del sistema óseo / Emploi de la médicine nucléaire et des techniques par image dans les affections du système osseux / Use of nuclear medicine and imaging techniques in disorders of the bone system

La medicina nuclear es la especialidad médica que se ocupa del diagnóstico, tratamiento e investigación médica mediante el uso de radioisótopos como fuentes abiertas. A menudo, las personas presentan diferentes condiciones patológicas óseas como la osteoporosis, el cáncer de hueso primario, las metástasis óseas, la artrosis y la artritis. Como objetivo de esta revisión se presentaron estadísticas internacionales y nacionales, y se evaluó la incidencia de esas afecciones. Además, se identificaron los radiofármacos más empleados en la actualidad para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de las enfermedades óseas, así como el uso combinado con las técnicas de imagen más utilizadas mediante la revisión de diferentes estudios clínicos. Se expuso la utilidad de la gammagrafía ósea para el diagnóstico y la confirmación de las afecciones estudiadas. Igualmente, se presentó el empleo de nuevas técnicas como las tomografías por emisión de fotón único o por emisión de positrones. Se observó que el radioisótopo más empleado para el diagnóstico de enfermedades del sistema óseo es el 99mTc por sus características físicas y químicas, mientras que para terapia se emplean 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, 32P, 89Sr, 85Sr, 117mSn, según el tipo, ubicación y magnitud de las lesiones y la disponibilidad del radioisótopo. En la actualidad, el desarrollo de los radiofármacos se ha centrado en la combinación de estos radioisótopos con diferentes biomoléculas para mejorar sus propiedades y ampliar su campo de aplicaciones(AU)

Nuclear medicine is the medical specialty that deals with clinical diagnosis, treatment and research through the use of isotopes as open sources. Bone diseases such as osteoporosis, primary bone cancer, bone metastases, arthrosis and arthritis are common among the population. The objective of this review was to present international and national statistics, and evaluate the incidence of these disorders. Additionally, a review was conducted of various clinical studies to identify the radiopharmaceuticals most frequently used to diagnose and treat bone disease, and their combination with the most common imaging techniques. A presentation was made of the usefulness of bone gammagraphy and the confirmation of the disorders studied. Reference was also made to the use of new techniques such as single photon emission tomography or positron emission tomography. It was found that the radioisotope most commonly used to diagnose diseases of the bone system was 99mTc, due to its physical and chemical characteristics, whereas 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, 32P, 89Sr, 85Sr, 117mSn are used for therapeutic purposes, depending on the type, location and magnitude of the lesions and the availability of the radioisotope. At present, radiopharmaceutical development centers on combining these radioisotopes with various biomolecules to improve their properties and broaden their field of application(A)

La médecine nucléaire est la spécialité médicale s'occupant du diagnostic, du traitement et de la recherche médicale au moyen de radioisotopes comme sources ouvertes. Les personnes sont souvent touchées par différentes conditions pathologiques osseuses telles que l'ostéoporose, le cancer d'os primaire, les métastases osseuses, l'arthrose, et l'arthrite. Le but de cette révision est de présenter des statistiques internationales et nationales, et d'évaluer l'incidence de ces affections. Grâce à la révision de différentes études cliniques, on a également identifié les traceurs isotopiques les plus souvent utilisés de nos jours pour le diagnostic et le traitement des maladies osseuses, ainsi que l'emploi combiné des techniques par image les plus fréquentes. L'utilité de la gammagraphie osseuse pour le diagnostic et la confirmation des affections étudiées a été mise en évidence. De nouvelles technologies telles que les tomographies par émission de photon unique ou par émission de positons a été également présentées. On a trouvé que le radioisotope le plus souvent utilisé pour le diagnostic des maladies du système osseux est le 99mTc, dû à ses caractéristiques physiques et chimiques, tandis que pour la thérapie, les 186Re, 188Re, 153Sm, 177Lu, 32P, 89Sr, 85Sr, et 117mSn sont utilisés selon le type, la localisation et la magnitude des lésions, et la disponibilité du radioisotope. Aujourd'hui, le développement des traceurs isotopiques est axé sur la combinaison de ces radioisotopes avec différentes biomolécules pour améliorer leurs propriétés et élargir leur champ d'applications(AU)

Comparison between proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion for treating osteoarthrosis following carpal trauma: a prospective randomized study

OBJECTIVE: To compare the functional results of carpectomy and four-corner fusion surgical procedures for treating osteoarthrosis following carpal trauma. METHODS: In this prospective randomized study, 20 patients underwent proximal row carpectomy or four-corner fusion to treat wrist arthritis and their functional results were compared. The midcarpal joint was free of lesions in all patients. RESULTS: Both proximal row carpectomy and four-corner fusion reduced the pain. All patients had a decreased range of motion after surgery. The differences between groups were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Functional results of the two procedures were similar as both reduced pain in patients with scapholunate advanced collapse/scaphoid non-union advanced collapse (SLAC/SNAC) wrist without degenerative changes in the midcarpal joint.

Retardo de consolidación y seudoartrosis de la tibia / Delay in consolidation and pseudoarthrosis of the tibia

Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica y actualización acerca del retardo de la consolidación y la seudoartrosis que ocurren en las fracturas abiertas de la tibia, con el objetivo de facilitar el estudio de estas debatidas complicaciones muy temidas por los ortopédicos, por existir múltiples tipos de tratamientos, una evolución prolongada y un pronóstico desfavorable en muchas ocasiones. Se expone el concepto, sus principales diferencias, incidencias, causas, clasificación y métodos de tratamientos quirúrgicos en pacientes con estos inconvenientes de las lesiones traumßticas óseas. En las causas se profundizó sobre los factores dependientes del trauma, del paciente, del propio hueso y las relaciones con el tratamiento. Con respecto a las formas de procedimientos, se aclaran las ventajas y desventajas de cada método entre los que se encuentran: el uso de enyesados, fijación intramedular, placas AO, la aplicación de injertos y fijadores externos que se pueden asociar a la estimulación eléctrica. Así cada médico puede seleccionar el tipo de tratamiento que requiera un paciente afecto de estas temibles complicaciones.

A literature review and an updating on the delay in consolidation of fractures and pseudoarthrosis occurring in open tibial shaft fractures was made to facilitate the study of these discussed complications, so much feared by orthopedists, since types of treatment are varied, recovery takes a long time and prognosis is unfavourable in most occasions. The concept, the main differences, incidence, causes, classification and surgical treatment methods in patients with bone lesions caused by trauma were explained. Factors depending on trauma, patient, the bone itself and the relations with the treatment were studied in depth. Regarding the procedures, advantages and disadvantages of each method were explained; for example, use of plaster casts, intramedullary fixation, AO plates, application of grafts and external fixation that can be associated to electrical stimulation. Thus, every physician may select the type of required treatment for a patient affected by these terrible complications.

[Educational paper on osteoarthritis]

Osteoarthritis is the most common joint disease. The main pathologic manifestation of disease is local destruction of cartilage in diarthrodial joint. New bone formation in marginal surface in the joint is a sign progressive disease. Many systemic and local factors are introduced in initiate and progression of osteoarthritis include: age, sex, weight, race, genetic background, bone densitometry, sex hormones, endocrine and metabolic disease, nutrition status, major and frequent minor trauma to joint, occupational or exercise over stresses to joint, congenital or developmental defect in joint and previous infectious or inflammatory joint diseases. Early clinical manifestations often are intermittent mild pain in joint, frequently after joint use, mild stiffness with vague pain in periarthicular muscle. Diagnosis of osteoarthritis is simply with history, physical examination and X-Ray. At now there isn't definitive laboratory test for diagnosis. Overall osteoarthritis is destructive joint disease without cure, but we must be following the patients and don't leave them until complete cartilage destruction. Careful approach of physician with these patients can prevent more damage or at least delay it

Etiología y presentación clínica de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños hospitalizados en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell 2003-2005 / Etiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in children hospitalized in the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Hospital Center 2003-2005

Introducción: en el año 2001, en Uruguay, se comenzó a observar en niños un aumento en la frecuencia de aislamientos de S. aureus meticilino resistente en niños con infecciones adquiridas en la comunidad (SAMR-AC). Resulta necesario conocer la epidemiología y las manifestaciones clínicas de las infecciones osteoarticulares para adecuar las recomendaciones terapéuticas. Objetivo: describir la etiología, presentación y evolución clínica de los niños hospitalizados con infecciones osteoarticulares en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de enero de 2003 y el 31 de diciembre de 2005, con diagnóstico al egreso de osteomielitis, osteoartritis y artritis séptica. Para la definición de caso se consideraron: manifestaciones clínicas, hallazgos en el centellograma óseo, germen aislado de hemocultivo o cultivo óseo, o ambos, o articular. Se analizó etiología, presentación clínica, evolución y tratamiento. Resultados: se incluyeron 106 niños; edad media 7 años. Se aisló germen en 56 (52%): S. aureus meticilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), otros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados con otras etiologías los niños con infecciones por SAMR-AC tuvieron presentación clínica más grave: pandiafisitis (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombosis venosa profunda y tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Estos 15 niños requirieron drenaje quirúrgico; presentaron estadía más prolongada (promedio 31 versus 13 días) y más secuelas (6 versus 1). Los dos fallecimientos ocurrieron en niños con esta etiología. Conclusiones: SAMR-AC constituye un nuevo agente de las infecciones osteoarticulares en niños en nuestro medio. Frente a la sospecha clínica de esta infección es necesario insistir en la punción ósea diagnóstica e iniciar una antibioticoterapia empírica apropiada para este agente.

Summary Introduction: in the year 2001 an increase in isolation frequencies of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) was observed in children with communityacquired infections. We need to know the epidemiology and clinical presentation of osteoarticular infections in order to adapt therapeutic recommendations. Objective: to describe etiology, clinical features and evolution of children hospitalized with osteoarticular infections at the Pediatric Hospital of the Pereira Rossell Health Care Center. Method: the study included children hospitalized from January 1, 2003 through December 31, 2005, with a discharge diagnosis of osteomyelitis, osteoarthritis or septic arthritis. The following were considered for case definition: clinical features, bone centellogram findings, blood or bone culture isolated germ, or both cultures or articular isolated germ. Etiology, clinical features, evolution and treatment were analyzed. Results: 106 children were included, average age was 7 years old. The germ was isolated in 56 (52%):41% methicillin-sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (n=23), community 27% acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5.5% (n=3), others 12.5% (n=7). When compared with other etiologies, children with community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus showed the most serious clinical presentation: pandiaphysis (n=7), multiple foci (n=1), deep venous thrombosis and pulmonarthromboembolism (n=2). 15 children required surgical drainage; and hospitalization time was longer ( average 31 versus 13 days) and more sequels (6 versus 1). Two deaths corresponded to children with this etiology. Conclusions: community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus constitutes a new agent in osteoarticular infections in children in our country. Upon clinical suspicion of this infection, it is necessary to insist on performing bone puncture as a diagnostic procedure, and to initiate empirical administration of antibiotics that are appropriate for this agent.

Résumé Introduction: en 2001, en Uruguay, on commence à observer (chez des enfants) une augmentation à la fréquence d’isolement de S. aureus méticilline résistant chez des enfants avec infections acquises dans la communauté (SAMR-AC). Il s’avère nécessaire de connaître l’épidémiologie et les manifestations cliniques des infections ostéo-articulaires afin d’y adapter le traitement. Objectif: décrire l’étiologie, la présentation et l’évolution clinique des enfants hospitalisés avec des infections ostéo-articulaires à l’Hôpital Pédiatrique du Centre Hospitalier Pereira Rossell. Matériel et méthode: on inclut les enfants hospitalisés entre le 1er janvier 2003 et le 31 décembre 2005, à diagnostic d’ostéomyélite, ostéoarthrite et arthrite sceptique au moment de la sortie. On tient compte de: manifestations cliniques, données de scintigraphie osseuse, germe isolé d’hémoculture ou culture osseuse, ou les deux, ou articulaire. On analyse l’étiologie, la présentation clinique, l’évolution et le traitement. Résultats: on inclut 106 enfants; moyenne d’âge 7 ans. Prélèvement de germe chez 56 (52%): S.aureus métycilino sensible 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), d’autres 12,5% (n=7). Si on compare à d’autres étiologies, les enfants avec infections par SAMR-AC ont eu une présentation clinique plus grave: pandiaphysite (n=7), localisations multiples (n=1), thrombose veineuse profonde et thrombœmbolisme pulmonaire (n=2). Ces 15 enfants ont requis drainage chirurgical; leur séjour fut plus long (moyenne 31 versus 13 jours) et il eurent plus de séquelles (6 versus 1). Les deux décès chez des enfants ayant cette étiologie. Conclusions: SAMR-AC constitue un nouvel agent des infections ostéo-articulaires chez nos enfants. S’il existe un soupçon clinique de cette infection, il faut faire une ponction osseuse diagnostique et commencer une antibioticothérapie empirique appropriée.

Resumo Introdução: em 2001, observou-se no Uruguai, um aumento na freqüência de S.aureus meticilina-resistente isolados em crianças com infecções adquiridas na comunidade (SAMR-AC). Faz-se necessário conhecer a epidemiologia e as manifestações clínicas das infecções osteoarticulares para adequar as recomendações terapêuticas. Objetivo: descrever a etiologia, apresentação e evolução clínica das crianças com infecções osteoarticulares internadas no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell. Material e método: foram incluídas todas as crianças internadas entre o dia 1º de janeiro de 2003 e o dia 31 de dezembro de 2005, cujo diagnóstico na alta era osteomielite, osteoartrite ou artrite séptica. A definição como caso foi feita considerando as manifestações clínicas, os resultados da cintilografia óssea, o microrganimo isolado de hemocultura ou de cultura óssea, ou ambas, ou articular. Foram analisadas a etiologia, a apresentação clínica, a evolução e o tratamento. Resultados: cento e seis crianças com idade média de 7 anos foram incluídas no estudo. Em 56 (52%) delas foi feito o isolamento de gérmen: S. aureus meticilina-sensível 41% (n=23), SAMR-AC 27% (n=15), S. pneumoniae 14% (n=8), S. pyogenes 5,5% (n=3), outros 12,5% (n=7). Comparados com outras etiologias, as crianças com infecções por SAMR-AC tiveram quadros clínicos mais graves: pandiafisite (n=7), focos múltiples (n=1), trombose venosa profunda e tromboembolismo pulmonar (n=2). Nestas 15 crianças foi necessário realizar drenagem cirúrgica, o período de internação foi mais prolongado (média 31 versus 13 dias) e foram registradas mais seqüelas (6 versus 1). Os dois óbitos registrados corresponderam a crianças com esta etiologia. Conclusões: o SAMR-AC é um novo agente de infecções osteoarticulares em crianças no nosso meio. Quando houver suspeita clínica desta infecção deve-se insistir na realização de uma punção óssea diagnóstica e iniciar antibioticoterapia empírica apropriada para este agente.

Obesidade e osteoartrite: atualiazação em implicações clínicas e metabólicas / Obesity and osteoarthritis: metabolic and clinical implications updated

Nas últimas décadas, a obesidade vem assumindo proporções epidêmicas alarmantes, acarretando em custos enormes para a saúde dos indivíduos e para a economia da sociedade. Dentre as inúmeras implicações orgânicas que acompanham a obesidade, destaca-se aqui a osteoartrite, doença degenerativa e de alta prevalência. A obesidade é um fator de risco potencialmente modificável para OA. Dessa forma, tal relação precisa ser bem compreendida, a fim de que medidas eficazes de tratamento e prevenção sejam delineadas. Neste artigo é feito uma revisão bibliográfica atualizada do assunto.

In the last decades, the obesity is assuming alarming epidemic proportions, carting in enormous costs for the individuals’ health and for the economy of the society. Among the countless organic implications that accompany the obesity, stands out the osteoarthritis, which is considered a degenerative disease with high prevalence. The obesity is a risk factor potentially soft for osteoarthritis. In that way, such a necessary relationship to be well understood, so that effective measures of treatment and prevention are delineated. In this article it is made an updated bibliographical revision of this subject.

Trabalho e convívio no paraíso insular: paleopatologia dos remanescentes ósseos de Ilhote do Leste, Rio de Janeiro / Working and living in paradise island: paleopathology of the skeletal remains of the Ilhote do Leste, Rio de Janeiro

Estudos realizados sob a perspectiva saúde-doença são uma das possibilidades de compreensão das condições de vida dos diferentes grupos humanos em conseqüência de suas escolhas quanto às estratégias de sobrevivência. Entre as disciplinas que trabalham nesta ótica, a Paleopatologia tenta contribuir para o conhecimento de populações pré-históricas através dos processos de saúde e doença, que podem refletir o estilo de vida do grupo em análises realizadas em seus remanescentes esqueletais. Entre as possibilidades de estudo, as osteoartroses e os traumatismos agudos são as lesões mais intimamente relacionadas às atividades cotidianas. Neste trabalho, foram estudados trinta indivíduos pertencentes ao sítio Ilhote do Leste, localizado na ilha Grande / Rio de Janeiro, que viveram há cerca de 3060 anos AP. Para análise das osteoartroses foi empregada uma nova metodologia que dividiu as facetas articulares em quadrantes de acordo com os movimentos realizados em cada articulação. Os principais resultados refletem a distribuição sexual de trabalho: entre os indivíduos femininos foram observadas lesões que remetem a atividades intensas e/ou freqüentes utilizando os membros superiores, como: a confecção de artefatos e o transporte de peso. Entre os indivíduos masculinos, podem ser enfocadas tarefas como cortar árvores, puxar redes e a exploração de seu território, quando necessário. Apenas traumatismos acidentais leves foram observados nesta coleção, mas não parecem guardar estreita relação com a atividades específicas. A nova metodologia utilizada possibilitou uma percepção refinada das regiões mais afetadas em cada conjunto articular, o que permitiu melhor inferência quanto aos movimentos e as possíveis atividades realizadas pelos segmentos sexuais.

Structure and secretory activity of cultured chondrocytes from patients with osteoarthritis

Cartilage samples were taken from OA patients in order to describe and quantify pro-inflammatory mediators. Samples were cultured under aseptic conditions in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium at 37°C for 10 days. Control samples, taken from non-inflammatory cartilage, were cultured under the same conditions. The levels of NO-2 and NO-3 were measured in the supernatant using a spectrophotometric assay. The activity of MMP-1 was quantified by ELISA.The concentration of NO-x was 47.3 ± 4.1 µM in the OA cartilague and 10.7 ± 1.8 µM in the controls. The average MMP-1 activity was 3,650 ± 387 ng/ml in the OA cartilage and 2,150 ± 190 ng/ml in the control samples. These increased values of MMP-1 and NO- x observed in the OA cartilage suggest a higher catabolic activity. A morphological analysis of OA chondral tissue using light microscopy shows that the surface of the tissue is characterized by the presence of aggregated chondrocytes or "clones" but in the deeper areas isolated cells are found. These results could be a significant contribution towards the identification of biological markers indicating the presence of OA activity

The relationship of the expression of estrogen receptor in cartilage cell and osteoarthritis induced by bilateral ovariectomy in guinea pig / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

To investigate the estrogen receptor (ER) expression in cartilage cell in the development of osteoarthritis induced by bilateral ovariectomy in guinea pig and to find their relationship. 30 two-month-old female guinea pigs were randomly divided into two groups (n = 15 each): sham operation (control) group and ovariectomized group (OVX); Scanning electorne microscope (SEM) and transmission electron microscope (TEM) were obtained to analysis the cartilage degeneration of the hind limb knee joint after 6 and 12 weeks of ovariectomy. Dextran-Coated-Charcoal (DCC) was taken to quantitively detect the expression of ER. The serum levels of estrogen and gestone were detected by immune contest assay. The results showed that ER do exist in the cartilages of the guinea pigs, with higher expression in the control group than in OVX group at the same time point (P < 0.05). It was increased also at 12 th week after operation than that of preoperation. The blood serum levels of estrogen and gestone showed a similar tendency to the expression of ER. Joint cartilage degeneration detected by SEM and TEM could be found at 6 th week, but severe degenerative lesions at 12 th week in the OVX group compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The data suggested that bilateral ovariectomy in guinea pig lead to severe osteoarthritis which mighgt be related to the lower serum level of estrogen and the downregulation of the expression of ER in the cartilage also.